Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (9th Edition)
Exam 1
Introduction to Anatomy
- What is the definition of anatomy?
- What is the definition of physiology?
- What is homeostasis?
- What are the two ways in which homeostasis is maintained?
- What are the directional terms used to find things in the body?
For example, what are the medical terms for the following?
- What are the major cavities of the body?
- What are the planes of the body?
- What are the body regions?
- What are the four abdominal quadrants and what major organs are found in each quadrant? What are the levels of the organization and what is the order?
Chemistry
- What are the four major elements of the body?
- What are the lesser or trace elements of the body?
- What are the three subatomic particles and what charge do they carry?
- What is an isotope?
- What is the difference between an atom and an element?
- What are the three major types of chemical bonds? How do they differ? Give examples for each.
- What three atoms are associated with hydrogen bonding?
- What are the two major types of chemical reactions?
- Do you make or use energy when you make a bond? Break a bond? What is the difference between a catalyst and an enzyme?
- What is the major atom/element contained in organic compounds?
- What is acid?
- What is the base?
- What is pH the measure of?
- If aspirin is a weakly acidic drug, where is it most likely to be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract? Why?
- Is lemon juice an example of an acid or a base?
- Is household chlorine an example of an acid or a base?
- What are the four major types of organic compounds?
- What are examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?
- What are the examples of lipids?
- What are the examples of proteins? What are the building blocks of proteins?
- What do proteins contain that carbohydrates and lipids do not?
- What are the two major types of nucleic acids?
- What are the two major types of purines?
- What are the three major types of pyrimidines?
- Which purines are bonded to which pyrimidines? How many hydrogen bonds hold them together?
- What is DNA?
- What is RNA?
- What are the nucleotides (chains of nucleic acids) composed of?
- What are the two major parts of metabolism?
- What are the high compounds which store energy? Cells
- What is the plasma membrane composed of? What is the function of the plasma membrane?
- What are the two different types of plasma membrane proteins?
- What are the three functions of membrane proteins?
- Where are glycolipids only found?
- What are the three major types of membrane junctions?
- What are their functions?
- What is osmosis?
- What is diffusion?
- What are the two major types?
- What is active transport?
- What are the major types?
- What is endocytosis/exocytosis?
- What are the different types of endocytosis?
- What is phagocytosis?
- What is pinocytosis?
- What is clathrin-mediated/receptor-mediated endocytosis?
- What is the cytoplasm? Cytosol?
- What are the major organelles of the cell?
- What are their functions?
For example, what is the function of the following organelles?
- Mitochondria o Peroxisomes o Lysosomes o Endoplasmic reticulum? Smooth?
- Rough o Golgi apparatus o Cytoskeleton o Centrioles o Ribosomes o Etc. (Maybe more)
- What are cilia?
- What is the nucleus? What does it contain?
- What is chromatin? What is the cell cycle?
- When is DNA replicated?
- What does the cell undergo cell division?
- What is mitosis?
- What are the phases of mitosis? What occurs during each phase? What is meiosis? How does it differ from mitosis?
- What are the phases of meiosis?
- What is transcription? From what to what?
- What is translation? From what to what? Tissues
- What makes up tissues?
- What are the 4 different types of tissues?
- What are the different types of epithelial tissues?
- How do you name the epithelial tissues? o Simple o Stratified o Pseudostratified o Transitional o Squamous o Cuboidal o Columnar o Etc. (look for more)
- Where are these epithelial tissues located?
- What are the major functions of each?
- What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands? Where do you find goblet cells?
- What is the function of goblet cells?
- What are the different types of exocrine glands? (Structures)
- What is the difference between merocrine and holocrine glands?
- What are the different types of connective tissues?
- What are their (above) functions and where are they found?
- What 3 structural elements make up connective tissue?
- What are the characteristics of nervous tissue?
- What are the 3 different types of muscle tissue? What the differences? What are the similarities?
- What are the characteristics of each?
- What happens in tissue repair? Skin Tissue
- What are the 3 major regions of the skin?
- What are the 4 cells of the epidermis? What are their functions?
- What are the 4 or 5 layers of the epidermis?
- Where do you find stratum lucidum?
- What is also called the basal layer? What is also called stratum germinativum? o What do you find in this layer? What is also called the prickly layer? What do you find in this layer?
- What is also called the granular layer?
- Where do you find each type?
- What are the different types of growth for cartilage and which direction do they occur?
Appositional o Interstitial
- Is cartilage vascular?
- What are the 2 major divisions of the skeleton?
- What are the 4 major shape classifications for bone?
- What are some major functions of bone?
- What are the major bone markings and how are they described? Tuberosity o Crest o Trochanter o Line o Tubercle o Epicondyle o Spine o Process Head o Facet o Condyle o Ramus o Meatus o Sinus o Fossa o Groove o Fissure o Foramen
- What is: o Diaphysis? o Epiphysis? o Metaphysis? Epiphyseal line? o Periosteum? o Medullary cavity?
- Is bone vascular?
- What type of tissue is bone?
- What makes up bone tissue? o Ground substance? Fibers? Cells?
- What types of bones contain spongy bone?
- What is the function of red bone marrow? In infants? In adults?
- What is the function of yellow bone marrow?
- What is the functional (or basic) unit of the bone?
- What are Haversian systems (or osteons)?
- What are the functional zones in long bone growth? o What are the 3 zones?
- How does growth hormone (GH) affect bone growth before puberty (and epiphyseal growth plate closure?
- How does growth hormone (GH) affect bone growth after puberty (and epiphyseal growth plate closure)?
- What are the two hormones released at puberty? What type of closure occurs as a result? what type of growth does this closure end?
- What is the difference between bone deposition and resorption?
- What is calcium used for?
- What is the function of calcitonin?
- Where does it come from?
- What is the function of the parathyroid hormone?
- What is Wolff’s law?
- Fractures? Comminuted o Compression o Spiral o Epiphyseal o Depressed o Greenstick
- What are the stages of bone healing?
